Bocio endotorácico / Endothoracic Goiter

Introducción: Un bocio se considera intratorácico cuando más de un 50 por ciento de la glándula tiroides está en el mediastino, o sea, por debajo del nivel del estrecho torácico superior. Se trata de una enfermedad poco frecuente que padece aproximadamente el 3 por ciento de los pobladores del mundo. La incidencia del bocio nodular ha disminuido debido a la ingestión en algunos países de sal yodada y alimentos ricos en yodo. Esta enfermedad alcanza alrededor del 10 por ciento de las masas mediastínicas. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente masculino, operado de bocio endotorácico en la provincia de Cienfuegos. Presentación de caso: Se presenta un paciente masculino, de 48 años de edad, que acude a consulta y refiere aumento de volumen del cuello en la región anterior, que se acompaña de decaimiento y en ocasiones disfagia tanto a los alimentos líquidos como a los sólidos. Además, refiere ligera disnea que tolera adecuadamente cuando realiza las actividades de la vida diaria. Por tratarse de una enfermedad poco frecuente, se considera de interés científico publicar el caso para conocimiento de los profesionales dedicados al estudio y tratamiento de las afecciones tiroideas. Conclusiones: El bocio endotorácico es una entidad poco frecuente y en todos los casos requiere de intervención quirúrgica(AU)

Introduction: A goiter is considered intrathoracic when more than 50 percent of the thyroid gland is in the mediastinum; in other words, below the level of the superior thoracic outlet. It is a rare disease that affects approximately 3 percent of the world's population. The incidence of nodular goiter has decreased due to the ingestion of iodized salt and iodine-rich foods in some countries. This disease accounts for about 10 percent of mediastinal masses. Objective: To present the case of a male patient operated on for endothoracic goiter in the province of Cienfuegos. Case presentation: The case is presented of a 48-year-old male patient who comes for consultation referring a volume increase in the anterior neck region, accompanied by decay and sometimes dysphagia to both liquid and solid food. In addition, he reports slight dyspnea that he tolerates adequately when performing daily living activities. Since this is a rare disease, it is considered of scientific interest to publish the case for the knowledge of professionals dedicated to studying and treating thyroid disorders. Conclusions: Endothoracic goiter is a rare entity and, in all cases, requires surgical intervention(AU)

Causas anatómicas inusuales de malposición de catéteres venosos centrales / Unusual anatomical causes of malposition of central venous catheters

Resumen: La malposición de los catéteres venosos centrales se asocia a importantes riesgos, a menudo infraestimados. Aunque se han descrito algunos factores que pueden favorecer la malposición, generalmente su causa no llega a diagnosticarse y parece ser de origen multifactorial. Presentamos dos casos de malposición de catéteres venosos centrales motivadas por causas anatómicas inusuales, diagnosticadas en el perioperatorio. En el primer caso, se diagnostica una agenesia de vena cava superior en el transcurso de una sustitución mitral por esternotomía, que lógicamente se asocia con una malposición de la vía central insertada. La utilización de catéteres y dispositivos a través de venas yugulares y subclavias en pacientes con esta infrecuente patología implica importantes limitaciones y complicaciones potenciales graves. En el segundo caso, la existencia de un bocio no diagnosticado provoca la malposición bilateral y simultánea de dos catéteres venosos canalizados, en el contexto de una situación de emergencia, en ambas venas yugulares internas.

Abstract: Malposition of central venous catheters is associated with important and underestimated risks. Although some factors have been related with malposition, its cause is generally not diagnosed, and it seems to have multifactorial origin. We present two cases of central venous catheter malposition due to unusual anatomical causes, diagnosed in the perioperative period. In the first case, superior vena cava agenesis was diagnosed during mitral replacement by sternotomy, which was logically associated with malposition of the inserted central line. The use of catheters and devices through jugular and subclavian veins in patients with this infrequent pathology is associated with important limitations and serious potential complications. In the second case, an undiagnosed goiter causes bilateral and simultaneous malpositioning of two inserted central venous catheters, in the context of an emergency situation, in both internal jugular veins.

Management of foetal hyperthyroidism in a mother with autoimmune hypothyroidism: A case report.

Foetal hyperthyroidism is mediated by transplacental passage of thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) and affects mothers with autoimmune (AI) thyroid disease. We report a case of a 33-year-old woman with a history of AI hypothyroidism and raised TSI after 2 stillbirths with suspect foetal hyperthyroidism. At 20.5 gestational weeks (GW) of her third pregnancy, foetal tachycardia and goitre were detected. TSI levels were 30.9mUI/mL. Methimazole (MMI) was started and adjusted based on ultrasound signs (foetal heart rate and thyroid gland vascularisation). The neonate was born at 35GW and cord blood revealed decreased TSH and normal free T4. MMI was started in the neonate at 2 days of life due to the appearance of asymptomatic hyperthyroidism. This case illustrates a rare recurrence of foetal hyperthyroidism in a mother with AI hypothyroidism. Pregestational thyroidectomy, TSAbs determination, early ultrasound diagnosis and foetal therapy helped us to improve obstetric outcomes.

Percutaneous ethanol injection in benign nontoxic multinodular goiter / Inyección percutánea de etanol en el bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno / Injeção percutânea de etanol em bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico

Introduction: Benign non-toxic multinodular goiter is one of the most common endocrine diseases that affect the current population, and it is, in turn, the endocrine disease that most frequently requires surgical intervention. Objective: To show the results of percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of patients with benign non-toxic multinodular goiter in the short and medium term. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in patients with benign nontoxic multinodular goiter treated with percutaneous ethanol injection. The categorical variables were described by absolute frequencies and percentages, and for the numerical variables the mean, standard deviation, as well as the minimum and maximum values were calculated. To evaluate the changes between the initial and final volumes of the nodules, the Student's t-test for related samples was used. Results: The mean percentage reduction in the volume of the nodules was 48.23 ± 9.55; 58.05 ± 11.79 and 69.49 ± 13.11; a month, 3 months and 6 months after the treatment, respectively. Clinical success was complete in 67.3%, 75.5%, and 87.8% of the patients, at 1, 3, and 6 months of post-treatment follow-up, respectively. There were no complications. Conclusions: Percutaneous ethanol injection is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of patients with benign non-toxic multinodular goiter, it is safe, effective, with transient adverse effects and very rare complications in the short and medium term.

Introducción: El bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno es una de las enfermedades endocrinas más comunes que afectan a la población actual, y es a su vez la enfermedad endocrina que con mayor frecuencia requiere intervención quirúrgica. Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados de la inyección percutánea de etanol en el tratamiento de pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno a corto y mediano plazo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, en pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno, tratados con inyección percutánea de etanol. Las variables categóricas se describieron por frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes y para las numéricas se calculó la media, la desviación estándar, así como el valor mínimo y el máximo. Para evaluar los cambios entre los volúmenes inicial y final de los nódulos se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas. Resultados: La media del por ciento de reducción del volumen de los nódulos fue de 48,23 ± 9,55; 58,05 ± 11,79 y 69,49 ± 13,11; al mes, 3 meses y 6 meses de realizado el tratamiento respectivamente. El éxito clínico fue completo en el 67,3 %, 75,5 % y el 87,8 % de los pacientes, al mes, 3 meses y 6 meses de seguimiento post tratamiento respectivamente. No se presentaron complicaciones. Conclusiones: La inyección percutánea de etanol es una alternativa a la cirugía para el tratamiento de los pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno, es segura, efectiva, con efectos adversos transitorios y complicaciones muy poco frecuentes a corto y mediano plazo.

Introdução: O bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico é uma das doenças endócrinas mais comuns que afetam a população atual, sendo, por sua vez, a doença endócrina que mais frequentemente requer intervenção cirúrgica. Objetivo: Mostrar os resultados da injeção percutânea de etanol no tratamento de pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico a curto e médio prazo. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal prospectivo em pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico tratados com injeção percutânea de etanol. As variáveis ​​categóricas foram descritas por frequências absolutas e percentuais, e para as variáveis ​​numéricas foram calculados a média, desvio padrão, bem como os valores mínimo e máximo. Para avaliar as mudanças entre os volumes inicial e final dos nódulos, foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras relacionadas. Resultados: A redução percentual média no volume dos nódulos foi de 48,23 ± 9,55; 58,05 ± 11,79 e 69,49 ± 13,11; um mês, 3 meses e 6 meses após o tratamento, respectivamente. O sucesso clínico foi completo em 67,3%, 75,5% e 87,8% dos pacientes, em 1, 3 e 6 meses de acompanhamento pós-tratamento, respectivamente. Não houve complicações. Conclusões: A injeção percutânea de etanol é uma alternativa à cirurgia para o tratamento de pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico, é segura, eficaz, com efeitos adversos transitórios e complicações muito raras a curto e médio prazo.

Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y quirúrgicas de pacientes con afecciones nodulares tiroideas / Clinical, Epidemiological and Surgical Characteristics of Patients with Thyroid Nodular Conditions

Introducción: En las últimas décadas la incidencia del cáncer tiroideo en el curso de la enfermedad nodular se ha incrementado debido a las novedosas técnicas de diagnóstico; sin embargo, la tasa de mortalidad se ha mantenido muy baja. Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y quirúrgicas de pacientes con afecciones nodulares tiroideas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional de cohorte prospectivo, longitudinal con los pacientes operados de afecciones tiroideas durante el período comprendido entre enero del 2008 y diciembre del 2018. El universo y la muestra quedaron constituidos por 467 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: Predominaron el sexo femenino (89,5 por ciento) y el grupo etario de 45-60 años (29,5 por ciento). Asociaron comorbilidades 338 pacientes y algún factor de riesgo de malignidad (6,2 por ciento). Un total de 174 pacientes manifestaron síntomas y 264 mostraron algún signo. Predominaron los reportes ecográficos (TI-RADS) y citológicos (Bethesda) tipo II (54,3 por ciento) y (55,5 por ciento), respectivamente. La hemitiroidectomía fue el procedimiento más realizado (59,9 por ciento) y la disfonía la complicación más encontrada (1,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: El diagnóstico oportuno del cáncer tiroideo en el curso de una enfermedad nodular contribuye a individualizar todas las decisiones terapéuticas atendiendo a las características de cada paciente y sus circunstancias(AU)

Introduction: In recent decades, the incidence rates of thyroid cancer in the course of nodular disease has increased due to novel diagnostic techniques; however, the mortality rate has remained very low. Objective: To evaluate the clinical, epidemiological and surgical characteristics of patients with nodular thyroid disease. Methods: A descriptive, observational, of prospective cohort, longitudinal and observational study was conducted with patients operated on for thyroid disorders during the period from January 2008 to December 2018. The study universe and sample consisted of 467 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Results: The female sex (89.5 percent) and the age group 45-60 years (29.5 percent) predominated. Comorbidities were present in 338 patients, as well as some risk factor for malignancy in 6.2 percent. A total of 174 patients manifested symptoms and 264 showed some sign. There was a predominance of echography (TI-RADS) and cytology (Bethesda) type II reports, accounting for 54.3 percent and 55.5 percent, respectively. Hemithyroidectomy was the most performed procedure (59.9 percent), while dysphonia was the most encountered complication (1.9 percent). Conclusions: Timely diagnosis of thyroid cancer in the course of nodular disease contributes to individualizing all therapeutic decisions considering the characteristics of each patient and their circumstances(AU)

Subacute thyroiditis and rapidly developing goiter in a 16-year-old female: a case report / Tiroiditis Sub-aguda asociada a bocio nodular en una paciente de 16 años; reporte de un caso

Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland with multiple etiologies and clinical features, often challenging to recognize. The classic presentation is the painful, granulomatous thyroiditis (DeQuervain's) characterized by diffuse swelling of the gland, usually preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection. A painless variant, also referred to as autoimmune subacute thyroiditis, has been documented and is strongly linked to postpartum state, reported following ~10% of pregnancies. It can be differentiated from the former by the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies, which classifies it as an autoimmune thyroiditis. Any spontaneous development of painful swelling of the thyroid gland warrants a complete work up that includes thyroid hormones, thyroid autoimmune panel, acute phase reactant titers, and, if available, imaging that may lead to the diagnosis of an inflammatory or infectious cause of thyroiditis.

Tiroiditis Subaguda, es una enfermedad inflamatoria de la glándula Tiroides que tiene muchas etiologías y características clínicas, y frecuentemente difícil de reconocer. La presentación clásica es: tiroiditis granu-lomatosa dolorosa caracterizada de hinchazón difusa de la glándula del Tiroides, usualmente precedida de una infección respiratoria de las vías áreas superior (como una infección viral). Existe una variante sin dolor, tam-bién referida como tiroiditis subaguda autoinmune, ha sido documentado y es muy ligada al estado postparto, en un 10% de los embarazos. La Tiroiditis postparto Puede ser diferenciada de la anterior por la presencia de anticuerpos lo que la clasifica como una tiroiditis auto-inmune. Cualquier desarrollo espontaneo de una hin-chazón dolorosa de la tiroides garantiza su evaluación de una manera formal, que incluye las hormonas del tiroides, panel tiroideo de autoinmunidad títulos de los factores que reaccionan agudamente, y si está disponible imágenes como una ultrasonografía que conlleva al di-agnóstico de una Tiroiditis inflamatoria o de origen in-feccioso.

Precisión de la PAAF en el reporte histopatológico de cirugía de tiroides

Objetivo: evaluar la precisión de los distintos puntos de corte del score Bethesda de la BAAF, en comparación con el estudio histopatológico para el diagnóstico de patología tiroidea. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, observacional, de tipo transversal, analítico para la evaluación de pruebas diagnósticas. Incluyó 293 pacientes con patología tiroidea sugestiva de cáncer, que acudieron a Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Obrero N° 2 de la Caja Nacional de Salud, durante el periodo de 2019-2022. Se realizó un muestreo no aleatorizado por conveniencia que incluía a todos los pacientes disponibles. Resultados: se afirma la correlación entre las dos variables estudiadas, es decir, entre el puntaje del score Bethesda y el reporte del estudio histopatológico, con un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%. Conclusiones: se demuestra que la BAAF tiene alta especificidad en el diagnóstico de cancer de tiroides con reporte Bethesda V y VI, por el contrario, reportes Bethesda menores II, III y IV, descartan el diagnóstico.

Objective: to evaluate the precision of the different cut-off points of the BAAF Bethesda score in comparison with the histopathological study for the diagnosis of thyroid pathology. Methods: quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, analytical study for the evaluation of diagnostic tests. It included 293 patients with thyroid disease suggestive of cancer, who attended the General Surgery Service of Hospital Obrero No. 2 of the National Health Fund, during the period 2019-2022. Non-randomized convenience sampling was performed that included all available patients. Results: the correlation between the two variables studied was confirmed, that is, between the Bethesda score and the histopathological study report, with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Conclusions: it is demonstrated that the BAAF has high specificity in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer with Bethesda reports V and VI, on the contrary, minor Bethesda reports II, III, and IV, rule out the diagnosis.

Graves' disease, myxedema, and papillary thyroid carcinoma / Doença de Graves, mixedema e carcinoma papilífero de tireoide

Graves' disease (GD) is the leading cause of hyperthyroidism and diffuse toxic goiter in iodine-sufficient geographi-cal areas. GD is associated with classical manifestations such as ophthalmopathy and thyroid dermopathy, in addi-tion to diffuse goiter, which may be the site of carcinomas, as a complication. Case report: A 52-year-old woman presented with goiter and symptoms compatible with hyperthyroidism, such as heat intolerance, weight loss, fati-gue, increased sweat, tachycardia, fine tremors, increased intestinal transit, anxiety, emotional lability, insomnia, exophthalmos, and pretibial myxedema. A complementary investigation confirmed the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism (high free T4 and total T3 levels and low thyroid-stimulating hormone - TSH levels). Ultrasound images showed dif-fuse enlargement of the thyroid lobes by approximately 10 times and the presence of three thyroid nodules, one of which was larger than 2 cm with heterogeneous echogenicity and vascularization throughout the nodule; ultrasoun-d-guided fine needle aspiration revealed cytology compatible with Bethesda IV; scintigraphy revealed a low uptake area (cold nodule) amid a diffuse high-uptake goiter. A thyroidectomy was performed, and the anatomical specimen diagnosis revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma in the right lobe, with adjacent parenchyma compatible with GD. Histopathological examination of the skin showed the presence of myxedema compatible with Graves' dermopathy. The patient evolved with the normalization of TSH levels and a reduction of cutaneous manifestations. Conclusion:GD abnormalities may not be restricted to the classic clinical manifestations, and a careful investigation may reveal the coexistence of carcinomas. (AU)

A doença de Graves (DG) é a principal causa de hipertireoidismo e bócio difuso tóxico em áreas geográficas com iodo suficiente. DG está associada a manifestações clínicas clássicas como oftalmopatia e dermopatia da tireoide, além do bócio difuso, que pode ser sítio de carcinomas, como uma complicação. Relato de caso: Mulher de 52 anos apresentou bócio e sintomas compatíveis com hipertireoidismo como intolerância ao calor, emagrecimento, fadiga, sudorese aumentada, taquicardia, tremores finos, trânsito intestinal aumentado, ansiedade, labilidade emocional, insônia, exoftalmia e mixedema pré-tibial. A investigação complementar confirmou o diagnóstico de hipertireoidis-mo (níveis elevados de T4 livre e T3 total; níveis baixos de hormônio estimulante da tireoide - TSH). As imagens ultrassonográficas mostraram aumento difuso dos lobos tireoidianos em aproximadamente 10 vezes e a presença de três nódulos tireoidianos, um dos quais, maior que 2 cm, com ecogenicidade e vascularização heterogêneas em todo o nódulo, cuja punção aspirativa por agulha fina guiada por ultrassom revelou citologia compatível com Bethesda IV; e a cintilografia evidenciou uma área de baixa captação (nódulo frio) em meio a um bócio difuso de alta captação. Foi realizada tireoidectomia e o diagnóstico da peça anatômica revelou carcinoma papilífero de tir-eoide em lobo direito, com parênquima adjacente compatível com DG. O exame histopatológico da pele mostrou a presença de mixedema compatível com dermopatia de Graves. A paciente evoluiu com normalização dos níveis de TSH e redução das manifestações cutâneas. Conclusão: As anormalidades da DG podem não estar restritas às manifestações clínicas clássicas, e uma investigação criteriosa pode revelar a coexistência de carcinomas, (AU)

Consideraciones actuales sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer tiroideo

Introducción: Desde los inicios de este siglo se ha producido un notable incremento mundial de la tasa de incidencia del cáncer de tiroides, el cual generalmente tiene un curso larvado y asintomático. Objetivo: Profundizar en el conocimiento de los aspectos novedosos del diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento personalizado del cáncer tiroideo. Desarrollo: El cáncer tiroideo es la enfermedad maligna más frecuente del sistema endocrino. En las últimas décadas, su incidencia se ha incrementado aceleradamente, aunque la mortalidad se ha mantenido baja. El descubrimiento y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de imágenes, inmunológicas y moleculares, han permitido estudiar en profundidad la neoplasia de la tiroides. Esto ha favorecido avanzar en los aspectos que más han modificado la nueva actitud respecto al diagnóstico oportuno y su tratamiento. Conclusiones: En años recientes, los avances de las investigaciones básicas, clínicas y traslacionales (aplicación real de los conocimientos básicos en la práctica clínica), han transformado antiguos conceptos relacionados con el cáncer tiroideo y han dotado de nuevas herramientas para el diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento personalizado.

Introduction: Since the beginning of this century there has been a notable increase worldwide in the incidence rate of thyroid cancer, which generally has a latent and asymptomatic course. Objectives: To deepen the knowledge of the novel aspects of timely diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. Development: Thyroid cancer is the most frequent malignant disease of the endocrine system. In recent decades, its incidence has increased rapidly, although mortality has remained low. The discovery and development of new imaging, immunological and molecular techniques have made it possible to study thyroid neoplasm in depth. This has favored advancing in the aspects that have most modified the new attitude regarding timely diagnosis and its treatment. Conclusions: In recent years, advances in basic, clinical and translational research have transformed old concepts related to thyroid cancer and have equipped with new tools for timely diagnosis and personalized treatment.

Cirugía robótica endotorácica en la patología de tiroides y paratiroides / Robotic thoracic surgery in thyroid and parathyroid pathology

Introducción y objetivo: Durante la última década se ha producido una amplia difusión de los abordajes torácicos mínimamente invasivos para el tratamiento de enfermedades pulmonares y mediastínicas. Clásicamente, la patología quirúrgica torácica derivada de afecciones de tiroides y paratiroides ha sido tratada mediante abordajes abiertos como la esternotomía, la cervicoesternotomía y la toracotomía. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, la cirugía robótica ha surgido como una nueva vía de abordaje mínimamente invasiva que aporta resultados similares y ventajas significativas sobre otros abordajes mínimamente invasivos como la laparoscopia y la videotoracoscopia. Su aplicabilidad en el tratamiento quirúrgico de lesiones mediastínicas ha quedado ampliamente demostrada en la literatura. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir las indicaciones de la cirugía robótica torácica en la patología tiroidea y paratiroidea, así como comentar los principales aspectos técnicos relacionados con estos procedimientos.Síntesis: La cirugía robótica torácica está indicada especialmente en casos de “bocios olvidados” y de bocios ectópicos. En casos de bocios cérvico-mediastínicos el abordaje combinado cervical y torácico robótico ha demostrado ser una opción factible y segura. Por lo que respecta a las.paratiroides ectópicas de localización mediastínica, el abordaje robótico ofrece ventajas significativas como la visión en 3D y la optimización de la maniobrabilidad de instrumentos que facilitan la visualización y disección de la glándula.Conclusiones: La cirugía robótica constituye un abordaje mínimamente invasivo eficaz y seguro para el tratamiento de la patología tiroidea y paratiroidea de localización mediastínica y podría constituir el abordaje de elección en pacientes con bocios olvidados, bocios ectópicos y adenomas paratiroideos de localización mediastínica. (AU)

Introduction and objective: During the last decade there has been a wide spread of minimally invasive thoracic approaches for the treatment of pulmonary and mediastinal diseases. Classi-cally, thoracic surgical pathology derived from thyroid and parathyroid diseases has been treated by open approaches such as sternotomy, cervicoesternotomy and thoracotomy. However, in recent years, robotic surgery has emerged as a new route of minimally invasive approach that provides similar results and significant advantages over other minimally invasive approaches such as laparoscopy and videothoracos-copy. Its applicability in the surgical treatment of mediastinal lesions has been amply demonstrated in the literature. The aim of this article is to describe the indications of thoracic robotic surgery in thyroid and parathyroid pathology, as well as to comment on the main technical aspects related to these procedures. Synthesis: Robotic thoracic surgery is especially indicated in cases of «forgotten goiters» and ectopic goiters. In cases of cervical-mediastinal goiters, the combined cervical and thoracic robotic approach has been shown to be a feasible and safe option. With regard to mediastinal ectopic parathyroids, the robotic approach offers significant advantages such as 3D vision and the optimization of the maneuverability of instruments that facilitate the visualization and dissection of the gland. Conclusions: Robotic surgery is an effective and safe minimally invasive approach for the treatment of thyroid and parathyroid pathology of mediastinal location and could constitute the approach of choice in patients with forgotten goiters, ectopic goiters and mediastinal parathyroid adenomas. (AU)

[Amyloid goitre, a benign entity with fast growth]. / Bocio amiloide, una entidad benigna de rápido crecimiento.

Amyloid goitre is an infrequent benign entity characterized by a rapid increase in the size of the thyroid gland due to amyloid deposit in the parenchyma. Such an increase in size, which takes place over only a few months, can cause symptoms such as dyspnea, dysphagia and dysphonia. We present three cases diagnosed in the same centre and estimated its incidence. All cases showed similar morphology, with varying proportions of thyroid follicles, mature adipose tissue and amyloid. AA Amyloid accumulation was verified and associated to previous pathologies (Crohn's disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and chronic renal disease). One case showed a papillary microcarcinoma. Amyloid goitre is an infrequent entity which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all patients with goitre, especially those with chronic underlying diseases.

Bocio multinodular ectópico submandibular: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Submandibular ectopic multinodular goiter: case report and literature review

Resumen El tiroides ectópico es una alteración congénita infrecuente que presenta una prevalencia entre 1/100.000-1/300.000. En el 90% de los casos se encuentra en la línea media cervical, siendo los casos de tiroides ectópico cervical lateral muy infrecuentes. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 44 años que consultó por presentar una tumoración submandibular izquierda de más de seis meses de evolución. Las pruebas de imagen (ecografía, tomografía computarizada y gammagrafía) sugirieron un bocio ectópico multinodular; la punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) informó de tejido tiroideo sin atipias (Bethesda II) y el estudio sanguíneo de hormonas tiroideas fue normal, orientando finalmente el caso como un bocio multinodular ectópico submandibular eutiroideo. Ante la ausencia de síntomas y signos sugerentes de malignidad, en conjunto con una PAAF con características de benignidad, se decidió realizar seguimiento. En el momento que presentó clínica por efecto masa se decidió realizar la exéresis de la lesión, que confirmó el diagnóstico de bocio multinodular ectópico. Los casos descritos en la literatura de bocio multinodular ectópico submandibular como único tejido tiroideo funcionante son excepcionales. El tiroides ectópico se debe considerar en el diagnóstico diferencial de una masa submandibular. Aunque actualmente no existe un consenso en relación con el manejo de dicha patología, el crecimiento de la masa puede contribuir a la decisión de una exéresis completa del tiroides ectópico, aun tratándose del único tejido tiroideo funcionante.

Abstract Ectopic thyroid is an uncommon congenital disorder with a prevalence between 1/100,000-1/300,000. In 90% of cases, it is placed in cervical midline, being the cases of lateral cervical ectopic thyroid very infrequent. We present the case of a 44-year-old female patient who had a left submandibular mass during more than six months. Imaging tests (ultrasound, computed tomography and scintigraphy) suggested a multinodular ectopic goiter; fine needle aspiration (FNA) reported thyroid tissue without atypia (Bethesda II) and the thyroid hormone blood tests were normal, finally orienting the case as a euthyroid submandibular ectopic multinodular goiter. In the absence of symptoms and signs suggestive of malignancy, together with an FNA with benign characteristics, it was decided to follow up. When the patient presented clinical symptoms due to mass effect, it was decided to perform excision of the lesion, which confirmed the diagnosis of ectopic multinodular goiter. There are very few cases described in the literature of submandibular ectopic multinodular goiter as the only functioning thyroid tissue. Ectopic thyroid should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a submandibular mass. Although there is currently no consensus on the management of this pathology, the growth of the mass may contribute to the decision of a complete excision of the ectopic thyroid, even if it is the only functioning thyroid tissue.

Bocio endotorácico en un adulto / Endothoracic goiter in an adult

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 48 años de edad, quien acudió a la consulta de Patología de Tiroides del Hospital Provincial Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima de Cienfuegos, por presentar aumento de volumen del cuello en la región anterior, decaimiento, ocasionalmente disfagia y ligera disnea. Al examen físico se constató un tumor en la región anteroinferior y lateral derecha del cuello, movible, que se prolongaba hacia abajo a la parte superior del tórax. Se realizó hemitiroidectomía derecha con exéresis de la prolongación endotorácica. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente.

The case report of a 48 years patient is presented. He went to the Thyroid Pathology Service of Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Provincial Hospital from Cienfuegos, due to an increase of volume in the anterior region of the neck, weakness, occasionally deglutition disorders and light dyspnea. A tumor was verified in the anteroinferior and lateral right region of the neck, movable, that was prolonged downward to the superior part of the thorax when the physical exam was carried out. A right hemithyroidectomy was carried out with exeresis of the endothoracic extension. The patient had a favorable clinical course.

Tiroiditis subaguda y tirotoxicosis posterior a vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2: reporte de 2 casos / Subacute thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: report of 2 cases

La enfermedad por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 que surgió en el año 2019 (COVID-19), ha obligado al rápido desarrollo de vacunas para prevenir su propagación e intentar controlar la pandemia. Dentro de las vacunas desarrolladas, las primeras en ser aprobadas con una tecnología nueva en el campo de la vacunación, fueron las vacunas basadas en ARNm (ácido ribonucleico mensajero), que lograron tasas de efectividad cercanas al 95 % para la prevención de la enfermedad COVID-19 grave. Los eventos adversos comunes son reacciones locales leves, pero ha habido varios informes de pacientes que desarrollaron tiroiditis subaguda y disfunción tiroidea después de recibir la vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2. Este artículo presenta dos casos de tiroiditis subaguda poco después de recibir la vacuna contra COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease which emerged in 2019 (COVID-19), has forced the rapid development of vaccines to prevent the spread of infection and attempt to control the pandemic. Among the vaccines developed, one of the first to be approved with a new technology in the field of vaccination, was the mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) vaccine, with rates of effectiveness close to 95% for the prevention of severe COVID-19 disease. Common adverse events are mild local reactions, but there have been some reports of patients developing sub-acute thyroiditis and thyroid dysfunction after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This article presents two case reports of subacute thyroiditis shortly after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine

Perfil clínico e terapêutico dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo do ambulatório de endocrinologia de um hospital universitário do sul do Brasil / Perfil clínico e terapêutico dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo do ambulatório de endocrinologia de um hospital universitário do sul do BrasilClinical and therapeutic profile of patients with hyperthyroidism in an outpatient endocrine clinic at a university hospital in southern Brazil

.Introdução: O hipertireoidismo decorre da elevação sérica dos hormônios tireoidianos, secundária à hiperfunção da glândula tireoide, sendo as principais causas a Doença de Graves (DG) e os Bócios Nodulares Tóxicos (BNT). Objetivos: Avaliar o perfil clínico e modalidades terapêuticas aplicadas em pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertireoidismo acompanhados em um Hospital Universitário no Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo, com inclusão de pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertireoidismo por DG e BNT; foram coletados dados epidemiológicos, clínicos, laboratoriais e de tratamento. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes foi referenciada pela atenção primária e encontrava-se em uso prévio de droga antitireoidiana (DAT). A variável idade obteve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as etiologias de DG e BNT; em ambas houve predomínio de incidência no sexo feminino. A DG apresentou maior frequência de sinais e sintomas de tireotoxicose, ao passo que o BNT mostrou mais sinais e sintomas de compressão. Houve remissão da doença em 23,2% dos pacientes com DG tratados com DAT; em 23,2% dos pacientes optou-se pela manutenção de metimazol em baixa dose por mais de 36 meses e em 16,1% foi realizado tratamento definitivo. No BNT foram preferidas terapias definitivas, principalmente a tireoidectomia, em 27,5% dos pacientes. Doses baixas de metimazol por mais de 36 meses foram utilizados também no BNT, em 22,5% dos pacientes. Conclusão: O hipertireoidismo é uma doença heterogênea, desde a clínica inicial até a terapêutica, entre suas etiologias mais prevalentes. Observou-se uma tendência de priorizar as terapias medicamentosas em longo prazo com baixas doses, tanto na DG quanto no BNT. (AU)

Perfil clínico e terapêutico dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo do ambulatório de endocrinologia de um hospital universitário do sul do BrasilClinical and therapeutic profile of patients with hyperthyroidism in an outpatient endocrine clinic at a university hospital in southern Brazil ARTIGO ORIGINALRafael Antonio Parabocz1, Renata Soares Carvalho1, Gianna Carla Alberti Schrut1, Ana Claudia Garabeli Cavalli Kluthcovsky1, Matheo Augusto Morandi Stumpf1Introduction: Hyperthyroidism results from the serum elevation of thyroid hormones, secondary to hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. The main causes are Graves' disease (DG) and Toxic Nodular Goiters (BNT). Objectives: Evaluate the clinical profile and therapeutic modalities applied in patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism followed up at a University Hospital in Southern Brazil. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study, including patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism by DG and BNT; epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and treatment data were collected. Results: Most patients were referred by primary care and had been using antithyroid drugs (DAT). The age variable obtained showed a statistically significant difference between the etiologies of DG and BNT; in both, there was a predominance of incidence in females. DG showed a higher frequency of signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, while BNT showed more signs and symptoms of compression. There was remission of the disease in 23.2% of patients with DG treated with DAT; in 23.2% of the patients, low-dose methimazole was maintained for more than 36 months and in 16.1%, definitive treatment was performed. In BNT, definitive therapies were preferred, mainly thyroidectomy, in 27.5% of patients. Low doses of methimazole for more than 36 months were also used in BNT in 22.5% of patients. Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism is a heterogeneous disease, from initial clinic to therapy, among its most prevalent etiologies. There was a tendency to prioritize long-term drug therapies with low doses, both in DG and BNT. (AU)

El tratamiento paciente específico del hipertiroidismo con radioyodo: una oportunidad a la mejora / Radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism with patient-specific techniques: an improvement opportunity

Introducción: La aplicación de actividades fijas en el tratamiento del hipertiroidismo con I131 (yoduro de sodio, conocido también como radioyodo), es el método más usado en nuestro país, a pesar de la individualidad morfo-funcional que caracteriza esta afección. Sin embargo, no existe aún, un consenso internacional sobre la dosis más conveniente para cada caso, y por ende, los resultados no siempre son los deseados. Objetivo: Evaluar la aplicabilidad de varios métodos de cálculo de dosis paciente-específica para el tratamiento de hipertiroidismo con yoduro de sodio. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de los resultados de varios métodos de cálculo de dosis recomendados internacionalmente a partir de la actividad fija prescrita en 10 pacientes, con el empleo de tecnologías y herramientas ya desarrolladas y disponibles en el país. Se evaluó la variabilidad inter-especialista y su impacto en la dosis planificada para el tratamiento. Resultados: El uso de la información incompleta de la biodistribución y farmacocinética del paciente produjo diferencias entre -42 por ciento y 37 por ciento de las dosis para el mismo paciente. El resultado de la comparación del método de cálculo recomendado por la Sociedad Europea de Medicina Nuclear, manejando la masa por gammagrafía-2D / 3D y por ultrasonido, arrojó diferencias no significativas entre sí. La variabilidad inter-especialista de las actividades prescrita mostró diferencias significativas, que arrojan sobre el mismo paciente, discrepancias entre 44Gy y 243Gy de las dosis terapéuticas a recibir, situación que puede comprometer el éxito del tratamiento y producir efectos secundarios no deseados. Conclusiones: Las técnicas dosimétricas paciente-específicas se pueden implementar satisfactoriamente en nuestro país. Las diferencias numéricas encontradas, especialmente la variabilidad inter-especialista, demuestran la no estandarización terapéutica, lo que apoya el uso de la farmacocinética paciente-específica pre terapéutica y la masa por gammagrafía-3D para planificar el tratamiento siempre que sean posible(AU)

Introduction: Despite of its typical morpho-functional individuality, fixed activities remain as the most used method in Cuba for hyperthyroidism treatment with I (sodium iodide, also known as radioiodine). However, there is not yet an international consensus on the most convenient doses for each case, so, the results are not always the desired ones. Objective: To evaluate the applicability of various patient-specific dose calculation methods for the treatment of hyperthyroidism with sodium iodide. Methods: It was carried out an analysis in 10 patients of the results of some methods for dose calculation from the prescribed fixed activity recommended internationally, with the use of technologies and tools already developed and available in the country. The inter-specialist variability and its impact in the planned dose for the treatment were assessed. Results: The use of uncompleted biodistribution and pharmacokinetics information of the patient showed differences between -42 percent and 37 percent in the doses for the same patient. The outcome of the comparison of the calculation method recommended by the European Society of Nuclear Medicine managing the mass by 3D/2D gammagraphy and ultrasound, presented no significant discrepancies among them. The inter-specialist variability of prescribed activity was statistically significant, and it can produce in the same patient differences between 44Gy and 243Gy of the therapeutic doses, which could affect the treatment success and lead to unnecessary side effects. Conclusions: The patient´s personalized calculation methods can be satisfactorily applied in Cuba. The numeric differences found, especially inter-specialist variability, show the lack of therapeutic standardization, which supports the use of pre-therapeutic patient-specific pharmacokinetics and the mass by 3D-gammagraphy to plan the treatment when possible(AU)

Caracterización clínica, ultrasonográfica e histológica del cáncer de tiroides en Pinar del Río / Clinical, ultrasonographic and histological characterization of the cancer of thyroid in Pinar del Río

RESUMEN Fundamento : el carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides representa la neoplasia maligna más frecuente en endocrinología, su presentación clínica y diagnóstico se han modificado gracias a la disponibilidad de herramientas tales como el ultrasonido tiroideo y la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina. Objetivo : caracterizar de forma clínica ultrasonográfica e histológica el cáncer de tiroides. Métodos : se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Abel Santamaría Cuadrado de la provincia Pinar del Río desde el 1ro enero de 2016 hasta el 31 diciembre de 2019. El universo de estudio quedó constituido por 119 pacientes y la muestra por 91 seleccionados a través de un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el sistema estadístico Statistical Package for Social Sciences, se confeccionó una base de datos en Excel, se aplicó análisis univariado de carácter descriptivo, se utilizaron estadígrafos descriptivos como la distribución de frecuencias absoluta y relativa. Se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica Chi cuadrado para datos cualitativos con un nivel de significación del 95 % (p<0,05). Resultados : en la serie predominó el sexo femenino y grupo etareo de 50-59 años de edad, los afectados de piel blanca, sobrepesos y obesos. El bocio, las microcalcificaciones y los bordes mal definidos fueron los factores de riesgo asociados a la malignidad con significación estadística. El carcinoma papilar tiroideo resultó el más común. Conclusiones : el diagnóstico del carcinoma tiroideo es complejo y su conducta tiene un enfoque multidisciplinario, existen elementos clínicos-epidemiológicos, imagenológicos e histológicos para diagnosticar el mismo.

ABSTRACT Background : differentiated thyroid carcinoma represents the most frequent malignant neoplasm in endocrinology; its clinical presentation and diagnosis have been modified thanks to the availability of tools such as thyroid ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy. Objective : to characterize the thyroid cancer in a clinically ultrasound-graphical and histological way. Methods : a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out in patients treated in the Oncology and Endocrinology services of the Abel Santamaría Cuadrado Hospital in the Pinar del Río province in the period from January 2016 to December 2019. The universe of the study consisted of 119 patients and the sample of 91 selected through a simple random probability sampling. Data were obtained from medical records. For the information analysis, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used, an Excel database was created, a descriptive univariate analysis was applied, and descriptive statistics such as the absolute and relative frequency distribution were used. The non-parametric Chi square test was used for qualitative data with a significance level of 95% (p <0.05). Results : in the series predominated the female sex and etareo-group of 50 t 59 year of age, those with white skin, overweight and obese predominated in the series. The goiter, micro-calcifications, and poorly defined borders were the risk factors most associated with malignancy. Papillary thyroid carcinoma was the most common. Conclusions : the diagnosis of the thyroid carcinoma is complex and its conduct has a multidisciplinary approach, there are clinical-epidemiological, imaging and histological elements to diagnose thyroid cancer.

Excessive prenatal supplementation of iodine and fetal goiter: report of two cases using three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging / Suplementação pré-natal excessiva de iodo e bócio fetal: Relato de dois casos utilizando ultrassonografia tridimensional e ressonância magnética

Abstract Fetal thyroid complications in pregnancy are uncommon, and are commonly related to the passage of substances through the placenta. The excessive iodine intake during the pregnancy is a well-known mechanism of fetal thyroid enlargement or goiter, and invasive procedures have been proposed for the treatment of fetal thyroid pathologies. In the present report, we demonstrate two cases from different centers of prenatal diagnosis of fetal thyroid enlargement and/or goiter in three fetuses (one pair of twins, wherein both fetuses were affected, and one singleton pregnancy). The anamnesis revealed the ingestion of iodine by the patients, prescribed from inadequate vitamin supplementation. In both cases, the cessation of iodine supplement intake resulted in a marked reduction of the volume of the fetal thyroid glands, demonstrating that conservative treatmentmay be an option in those cases. Also, clinicians must be aware that patients may be exposed to harmful dosages or substances during pregnancy.

Resumo As complicações fetais da tireoide na gravidez são incomuns e são comumente relacionadas à passagem de substâncias pela placenta. A ingestão excessiva de iodo durante a gravidez é um mecanismo bem conhecido de aumento da tireoide ou bócio fetal, e procedimentos invasivos foram propostos para o tratamento de patologias da tireoide fetal. No presente relato de caso, demonstramos dois casos de diferentes centros de diagnóstico pré-natal de aumento da tireoide fetal e/ou bócio em três fetos (um par de gêmeos, em que ambos os fetos foram afetados, e uma gravidez única). A anamnese revelou a ingestão de iodo pelos pacientes prescrita por suplementação inadequada de vitaminas. Nos dois casos, a interrupção da ingestão de suplemento de iodo resultou em uma redução acentuada do volume das glândulas tireoides fetais, demonstrando que o tratamento conservador pode ser uma opção nestes casos. Além disso, os médicos devem estar cientes de que as pacientes podem ser expostas a doses ou substâncias nocivas durante a gravidez.

Alteraciones tiroideas en la infancia y en la adolescencia. Parte 2: hipotiroidismo / Thyroid disorders in childhood and adolescence. Part 2: Hypothyroidism

El hipotiroidismo es la disfunción tiroidea más frecuente, resultante de una disminución de la actividad biológica de las hormonas tiroideas en los tejidos. El objetivo es realizar una revisión y actualización del hipotiroidismo adquirido en la infancia y adolescencia con énfasis en el hipotiroidismo primario. La causa más común es la tiroiditis de Hashimoto o tiroiditis linfocitaria crónica. La característica distintiva es el impacto profundo en el crecimiento esquelético, maduración y desarrollo puberal, con potencial repercusión en la talla adulta. Los signos y síntomas del hipotiroidismo adquirido son similares a los adultos y, en general, no se asocia con compromiso del desarrollo neuromadurativo.La presunción clínica se confirma con niveles elevados de tirotrofina y disminuidos de tiroxina libre. Las metas del tratamiento incluyen lograr adecuado crecimiento, maduración sexual, desarrollo neuromadurativo y cognitivo óptimo. En la mayoría de los pacientes, el tratamiento de reemplazo revierte los signos y síntomas.

Hypothyroidism is the most frequent thyroid dysfunction. It is the consequence of a decrease in the biological activity of thyroid hormones in target tissues. The aim of this paper is to review and update acquired hypothyroidism in childhood and adolescence with emphasis on primary hypothyroidism due to its greater frequency. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is the most common cause of primary acquired hypothyroidism. The distinctive feature is the profound impact on skeletal growth, maturation, and pubertal development, with potential implications on adult height. Signs and symptoms of acquired hypothyroidism are similar to those reported in adults and are generally not associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. Biochemi confirmation of primary hypothyroidism requires the finding of elevated thyrophine and decreased free thyroxine levels. Treatment goals are to achieve normal growth and maturation as well as cognitive development. In most of the patients, replacement treatment reverses symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism and may decrease goiter size.

Manejo de vía aérea difícil en paciente con bocio maligno gigante: Reporte de caso / Case report: Difficult airway management in a patient with giant malignant goiter

We present the case of an adult patient with a malignant goiter, treated in our center, where airway management is perfor- med by an awake intubation technique with sedation. The patient, with great compromise and deviation from the midline of the airway, was managed with a High-Flow Nasal Cannula (CNAF) during its manipulation, helping to avoid desaturation events during the intubation procedure, associated with the administration of monitored sedation.

Presentamos el caso de una paciente adulto con bocio maligno, tratada en nuestro centro, donde se realiza manejo de la vía aérea con la intubación traqueal vigil con sedación. La paciente, con gran compromiso y desviación de línea media de la vía aérea, es apoyada con Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo (CNAF) durante la manipulación de ésta, ayudando a no presentar eventos de desaturación durante el procedimiento de intubación, asociada a la administración de sedación monitorizada.